Recruitment of participants

We recruited 15 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from academic inpatient and outpatient settings. Participants were ages 18-35, unrestricted with regard to ethnicity. Additional inclusion criteria for participants with schizophrenia included a clinical DSM-V diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, confirmation of one of these diagnoses by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID-V), and initial diagnosis or initiation of antipsychotic medication within the last 5 years. Exclusion criteria included a positive urine toxicology screen or self-reported history of any of the following: current substance abuse or any use of cannabis or tobacco products, a history of bleeding disorders, excessive bleeding with previous surgery, taking blood thinners, autoimmune conditions, epilepsy, known genetic disorders, immunocompromised state, pregnancy, history of central nervous system disease, an uncontrolled medical disorder such as cancer or inability to provide informed consent. The 14 healthy control participants were matched to the same age range as the group of individuals with schizophrenia, did not meet criteria for any DSM-5 disorder by the SCID-V, and had a Distress Score of less than or equal to 6 on the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Version (PQ-B) [21].