2.8. Apoptosis assays

Apoptosis was measured by detection of PARP cleavage using Western blotting with an antibody that recognizes both cleaved and uncleaved PARP (Cell Signaling Technology); by quantitative measurement of the levels of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments (mononucleosomes and oligonucleosomes) using a colorimetric Cell Death Detection ELISA kit (Roche Diagnostics Corp.); or by quantitative measurement of apoptotic cells using a flow cytometer after staining of cells with FITC-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide (Life Technologies), according to the vendor’s protocols [24,31].