Single nucleotide variations (SNVs) could be categorized into 6 directions, namely, C > T, C > A, C > G, T > C, T > G, and T > A. Considering the 5′ and 3′ flanking nucleotides of a specific mutated base, a total of 96 substitution types exist. We first plotted the “lego” plots to compare the frequency of mutations within specific contexts in precursor lesions and EBVaGCs of 20 patients. As the set of mutational contexts of tumor samples was an imprint of the mutational process that shaped the cancer genome, we then performed a mutational signature analysis of all silent and non-silent mutations in our study. To extract the underlying mutational signatures in single precursor lesion samples and EBVaGCs, we applied the R package deconstructSigs [16] to each sample using the 30 signatures documented by the COSMIC as reference. After extraction, we calculated and compared the mean weights of different signatures in 45 precursor lesions and 65 EBVaGCs.
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