We have used DFTB method50 as implemented in the DFTB+ code51. To include dispersion interactions, a Lennard–Jones type pairwise potential based on the universal force field52 was used. The Slater–Koster parameters used here are based on ref. 36.
Atomistic structures were visualized by Jmol53. Simulated force maps were produced using Matplotlib54. Animation in Supplementary Materials was made using VMD55 software.
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