Outcomes

Primary outcomes were the intubation time and the success rate for intubation. The intubation time was measured for 4 sequential procedures by intubators: picking up SAD or MCL, complete insertion of device, successful insertion of ETT, and successful first ventilation.

Time required for SAD insertion (device insertion time, DT) was defined as the time from picking up SAD to complete insertion into the manikin. For MCL, DT was alternatively defined as the time from picking up MCL to complete exposure of the larynx [8].

Time required for ETT insertion (tube insertion time, TT) was defined as the time from picking up SAD or MCL to successful insertion of ETT. Besides MCL, TT was measured for the time required to perform blind intubations through SADs.

Time to first ventilation (FVT) was defined as the time from picking up SAD or MCL to successful first ventilation. Successful first ventilation was confirmed by chest rise of the manikin on bagging with a bag-valve mask. Intubation failure was defined as esophageal intubation or exceeding the time limit of 60 seconds.