RNA sequencing datasets in FastQ format were analyzed for quality using FastQC (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/) (84). Reads were trimmed and Illumina adapters were clipped using Trimmomatic v 0.32 (85) with a leading and trailing minimum score of 3 and a 4-base sliding window minimum score of 15, which resulted in an average of 99.98% of reads surviving (range, 99.93% to 99.99%). Reads were mapped to the GAS MGAS5005 genome (NC_007297.1; NCBI) using Bowtie2 v 2.2.4 (86) run in end-to-end mode with default settings for an average overall alignment rate of 98.80% (range, 95.72% to 99.38%). Transcript abundances were calculated in fragments per kilobase per million mapped reads (FPKM) using Cufflinks v 2.2.1 (87) with a ribosomal masking file for all 5S, 16S, 23S, and tRNA loci (NC_007297.1.gff; NCBI). Cuffdiff (88), a program within the Cufflinks package, was used to calculate differential expression values for genes with an FDR-adjusted P value (q value) of less than 0.01. Operon structure was predicted from the resulting Bowtie2 alignment files using Rockhopper v 2.03 (89, 90).
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