Staphylococcus aureus was cultured to mid-log growth phase at 37°C, 180 rpm, suspended in PBS, and treated with PF of 8× MIC for 1 h; bacteria without drug treatment served as controls. Bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at 4,000 × g for 5 min and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; HITACHI, Tokyo, Japan; She et al., 2020).
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