[3,4-13C2]-D-glucose (97–98%) was obtained from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories (Tewksbury, Massachusetts) and Omicron Biochemicals Inc. (South Bend, Indiana). [U-2H7, U-13C6]-D-glucose, deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%) and deuterochloroform (99.8%) were obtained from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories (Tewksbury, Massachusetts). Ruthenium (10% on activated carbon, reduced) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Silica gel (60 Å, 65 × 250 mesh) for flash chromatography was obtained from Sorbent Technologies (Norcross, Georgia). The free radical polarizing agent trityl OX063 was obtained from Oxford Instruments Molecular Biotools (Tubney Woods, United Kingdom). Other reagents and solvents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri). All reagents and solvents were used without further purification.
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