2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

We performed article screening using web-based systematic review software DistillerSR (Evidence Partners, Ottawa, Canada). Two investigators (MM and SK) independently assessed each article against the inclusion criteria, resolving disagreements through re-review, discussion, and arbitration by a referee (NK). Both investigators first assessed only titles and abstracts in order to exclude articles lacking a measure of TL. For the remaining articles, the investigators then obtained full texts as necessary to assess the remainder of the inclusion criteria. We assessed methodological quality of eligible studies using modified MINORS criteria³⁵, assessing clarity of aims and inclusion criteria, description of a priori data collection and analysis plans, prospective calculation of sample sizes, quality of the PS and TL variables, blinded assessment of TL, and reporting of missing data.