Conceptualization of Variables and Measurement

After reviewing the relevant literature and studies conducted by Sang et al. (2021) and Lin et al. (2020) in the socio-economic and CP perspective, the current study included living place (Suzhou, Wuhan); gender (male, female, others, and prefer not to answer); age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65 years or older); education (less than high school degree, high school degree, associate degree, bachelor's degree, and graduate degree); marital status (single-never married, married, or in a domestic partnership, widowed, divorced, and separated); and employment status (employed full time-including self-employed or homemaker, employed part-time-including self-employed or homemaker, unemployed, student, retired, and unable to work); and annual household income before taxes (Pre-COVID-19). The survey participants reported all the demographic variables used in the study. The CP affects everyday life, movements, trade, and business activities from local to global, which further impacts socio-economic lives of people (Haleem et al., 2020).

The CP and LP were used as independent variables in the current study. The CP was assessed by asking questions about risk perception and belief about the pandemic that emerged in Wuhan. The questions were based upon the belief about that how the COVID-19 emerged (Due to climate change, the CP created fear and anxiety, the belief that the COVID-19 is a threat to humanity, and the importance have health and well-being as a top priority in everyone's life after COVID-19). As a result, the lockdown was initially imposed to contain the transmission of the pandemic. Under the lockdown measure, several interventions were introduced among the general population for physical health well-being protection. In the present study, questions were asked about the LP interventions (stay at home, social distancing, wearing a facemask, wash hands with sanitizer, quarantine and avoid the areas where the pandemic is severe).

ER is the mediator variable according to the study objective. The questions related to ER in the current study were based upon the coping strategy aspects. The study participants were asked to report the strategies or steps (getting comfort and understanding from someone, use the substance to make myself feel better, accept the reality of fact and learned to live with it safely, maintaining positive thinking, to do physical exercise to release stress and anxiety and look for creative ways to alter the problematic situation) which they used during the lockdown period to regulate the emotions for psychological, physical, and overall health well-being. Infectious disease outbreaks are one of the most daunting conditions to deal with emotionally. Physical and emotional well-being of individuals is jeopardized as they must plan for an uncertain event. Since there is no definite time limit for the conclusion of infectious disease outbreaks, people feel at risk all the time (Bavel et al., 2020).

The dependent variables in this study were PH, PsH, PA, and OW during the CP lockdown. The question statements under the Likert scale for each dependent variable is based on the PH (during the COVID-19: Have you maintained personal hygiene for disease prevention? Have you been leading an active lifestyle during the COVID-19 lockdown? Did you have a healthy diet during the pandemic lockdown? During COVID-19, have you maintained physical fitness? and During COVID-19, did you have a normal sleep of 8 h?); PsH (During COVID-19 lockdown, have you experienced anxiety, bipolar disorder, insomnia, substance abuse or addiction, depression, and mental stress?); OW (During the CP, your PH remained stable, your PsH remained stable, your lifestyle remained active, your financial situation remained stable and your emotional health remained stable); and PA (use PA to cope with the health maintenance difficulties you faced, encourage others, including your family members, to do physical activities, PA levels during the lockdown period decrease, PA levels during the lockdown period increase and your PA levels during the lockdown period were almost the same). Thus, HRQoL is based on physical, psychological, and OW. Therefore, HRQoL is a multidimensional paradigm in public health and is based on various aspects, such as PH, PsH, and PA (Sitlinger and Zafar, 2018).