For both E. coli and K. rhaeticus, cells were treated with 0.5 mL 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, 70% (vol/vol) ethanol, 10% (vol/vol) bleach, or PBS for 5, 30, or 90 min. Treatments were then plated; colonies were photographed in white light and counted to determine the fraction of surviving cells compared with PBS-treated cells. For details of the assay, see SI Appendix, Supplementary Methods.
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