Measures and Materials

The Chinese version of CD-RISC (29) is a 25-item 5-point Likert-type assessment that measures the ability to cope with stress and adversity. The three factors consist of toughness (e.g., I am able to stay focused and think clearly under pressure), strength (e.g., the past successful experience makes me more confident to face new challenges), and optimism (e.g., I can perceive the optimistic side of a thing). The total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The CD-RISC has been demonstrated to have adequate internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent and divergent validity in the general population (30). The reliability coefficient of the Chinese version of the CD-RISC is 0.91.

All the pictures in the experiment were selected from the Chinese Affective Picture System (CAPS) (31). In the experiment, 90 pictures were chosen from CAPS, including 30 neutral, 30 positive, and 30 negative emotional pictures (length × width: 8.01 cm × 8.01 cm). They were divided into 45 target pictures and 45 interference pictures that are similar to the target pictures. The pictures were significantly different in valence (positive: M = 7.45, SD = 0.27; neutral: M = 4.21, SD = 0.32; negative: M = 2.46, SD = 0.21) but have no significant differences in arousal degree (positive: M = 5.78, SD = 0.60; negative: M = 5.96, SD = 0.77; neutral: M = 5.88, SD = 0.94).