Ancestral area reconstruction

Five biogeographical regions were defined: (A) eastern Asia (including central, eastern and northeastern China, Korea Peninsula, southern Japan and Far East); (B) southern Asia, the Indo-China Peninsula and southwestern and southern China; (C) Malesia (including Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines); (D) Australasia (including Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and the South Pacific islands); and (E) Africa (including Madagascar) (Fig. 3a). The geographical distribution of Pyrrosia s.l. mostly followed Hovenkamp⁴ and referred to other literatures^3,8,32. We carried out biogeography analyses using the DEC model^112,113 implemented in RASP 3.2¹¹⁴. We inferred possible biogeographical scenarios across 1000 trees obtained from the BEAST analysis in the DEC analysis. A composite Akaike weight was used to summarize biogeographic reconstructions across trees¹¹⁵. The maximum area number was set to four because only P. lanceolata occupied four biogeographical regions.