The job insecurity (JIS) scale was adopted from De Witte (2000). This instrument measured the degree of JIS from two directions: one was the impact of external environment of an individual on his or her job insecurity level, and the other combined both cognitive appraisal and affective appraisal, that is, the impact of the personal perception of these situations on his or her job insecurity level. Four items assessed JIS, and as follows: “(1) Chances are, I will soon lose my job, (2) I am sure I can keep my job, (3) I feel insecure about the future of my job, and (4) I think I might lose my job in the near future.” The scale showed an acceptable level of reliability (α = 0.82). The response options ranged from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” on a 5-point Likert scale.
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