Reagents

Doxorubicin was purchased from LC laboratories. Other reagents were purchased as follows: sunitinib (Sigma Aldrich), paclitaxel (Sigma Aldrich), Torin 1 (Tocris Bioscience), bafilomycin A1 (LC laboratory), E64d, pepstatin (Sigma Aldrich), concanamycin A (Santa Cruz). Lysotracker Red (DND-99), lysosensor DND-189, acridine orange, Dextran, and Oregon Green 514 were purchased from Invitrogen. Antibodies: LC3 (previously developed²²), p62 (Abnova), GAPDH (Fitzgerald Industries), pS6 (240/244), S6, pS6K (T389), S6K, p4EBP1, 4EBP1 (Cell Signaling), LAMP-1 (Hybridoma bank), LAMP-2 (Sigma Aldrich), ATP6V0D1, ATP6V0A2, ATPV1D, ATPV1B2 (Abcam).