Terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was implemented on the basis of manufacturer's protocol. Cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and then treated with 0.3% Triton X-100. The TUNEL detection solution was then added to measure cell apoptosis. The experiment was conducted at least three times.
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