Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using EzAnova (version 0.98, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8 (version 8.4.3 (686), San Diego, USA) software. The detail of the number of n corresponding to the number of independent experiments using isolated bovine primary cells from different bovine donors, or independent samples, is displayed on each graph in the figures and in the captions, as well as the exact p values. For paired samples when the same cells were measured at different times (Fig. 2f and h), a one-way ANOVA with a repeated measures design was used, with the Greenhouse–Geisser correction and the Tukey’s HSD post test for the multiple comparisons. When they were subjected to different treatments (Fig. 2e, I, 4 l, Supplementary Fig. ³, and Supplementary Fig. ¹⁵) a classic one-way ANOVA was used, with the Brown-Forsythe and the Bartlett’s tests as well as the Tukey’s HSD post-test for the multiple comparisons. When time and treatments were both involved (Fig. 2d), a two-way ANOVA was applied with time set as “paired or repeated measured” and the treatment as classic analysis or “unpaired”, which led to a pairwise comparison, with the Greenhouse–Geisser and Huynh–Feldt corrections as well as the Tukey’s HSD post test for the multiple comparisons. When two different treatments were applied to the cells (Fig. 2j), a classic two-ways ANOVA was performed, with the Šidák post test for the multiple comparisons. ANOVA was used when more than two conditions were compared with each other and for only two conditions, the pairwise t-test comparison was performed (Fig. 4f, i, j, m, Supplementary Fig. ¹⁷, and Supplementary Fig. ²¹). EzAnova software was used only for Fig. 2d analysis, for the other statistical analysis, GraphPad Prism software was used. Error bars represent SD. p values were considered significantly different at least when p < 0.05. When no marks are shown on the graphs, it means that the differences are not significant.