Data were collected by direct non-disguised observation [28]. The observer watched the selected nurses from medication preparation to administration to the patient. Observation was carried out by pharmacists (n = 6) and members of the medication process group, including head nurses (n = 13), head pharmacy technicians (n = 2), and nursing managers (n = 2). All observers came from the Paris West Hospitals Group. They received training by senior pharmacists (SB, LL). The training was evaluated using a simulated scenario during one group session. The training inter-rater concordance of observers was 96.16%.
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