The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) [29] will be used to measure depression and anxiety symptoms. The PHQ-4 is a self-reported scale comprising of 4 items. All the items are ranked on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (= not at all) to 3 (= nearly every day). The scores of the total PHQ-4 vary from 0 to 12. A higher score indicates more pronounced depression and anxiety symptoms. Good psychometric properties were reported previously for the total scale (Cronbach α = 0.86) in the sample of HCWs [30].
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