The effects of HAP and/or SN nanoparticles on mineralized extracellular matrix production in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D conditions were determined by Alizarin Red staining. After 14- and 28-days of culture, 2% (w/v) Alizarin Red S (pH = 4.2) was added to the cells and samples at room temperature for 10 min. For quantification, 10% (v/v) acetic acid was applied for a 30-min acidification of the stained samples. Subsequently, the acetic acid was neutralized with 10% ammonium hydroxide, and the resultant supernatant was measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 405 nm.
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