Serum Insulin, C-peptide, and Glucagon concentrations were measured using specific ELISA kits (Mercodia, Sweden). The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) described as previously84, was used to assess changes in IR (HOMA-IR) and pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-β) in treated groups during the experimental period. The following equations were used to calculate the HOMA-IR index and HOMA-β index (HBCI): HOMA-IR index = (FBG [mmol/L] × FINS [units/L])/22.5) and HOMA-β = (20 × FINS [units/L])/(FBG [mmol/L] − 3.5).
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