We used the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method to induce 120 min of ischemia followed by 24 reperfusion [32]. Briefly, rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (0.4 ml/100 g, intraperitoneal injection). We then separated the external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) along the common carotid artery (CCA), ligated the proximal end of the CCA and ECA, and prepared a thread at the distal end of the CCA. Then, we clamped the ICA with an arterial clip temporarily, made a small cut at 4 mm from the bifurcation of the CCA, inserted a nylon filament suture (Beijing Cinontech Co. Ltd. Beijing, China, 0.36 ± 0.02 mm) gently until it entered into the ICA, and then fixed the nylon filament with a thread around the distal end of the CCA. Rats were housed singly following the MCAO surgery.
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