Detection of damage biomarkers

Cell death can be assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release according to kit instructions and report ⁴⁹. Especially for HepaRG cells, LDH release is a more sensitive parameter of cell damage because of the low level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Another recognized important damage parameter is aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The LDH level and AST level were estimated using LDH assay kit and AST assay kit, respectively according to the manufacturer's instructions. The relative comparison was performed using the LDH level and AST level in blank control group as standards.