Homeotropic or vertical alignment was applied to the grating substrates using the vapour phase deposition of octyltrichlorosilane (ABCR GmbH & Co.KG). 20 μL of silane was heated to 80 °C and allowed to flow through and deposit onto the surface-relief grating substrates for 5 min. Following exposure, the silane is baked at 180 °C for 1 h to chemically bind the silane to the substrate. This produces a uniform monolayer of silane32, and importantly gives a good homeotropic alignment to the FLC SCE13(*) over its liquid crystalline phases.
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