Costs

All costs were calculated from the perspective of the UK National Health Service (NHS) in pound sterling based on 2011/12 prices. Costs were calculated by combining healthcare utilization data from CALIBER with associated unit costs that were taken from published UK sources.^16–18 For hospitalizations, costs are calculated based on finished consultant episodes in HES. Costs are presented in terms of total healthcare costs (all costs incurred), CHD costs (all CHD-related hospitalization costs, CVD-related drugs, and all primary care and diagnostic costs), and CVD costs (all CVD-related hospitalization costs, CVD-related drugs, and all primary care and diagnostic costs).