Wound healing assay was performed to assess cell migration [36]. After the cells received different treatments for 24 h, the culture medium was removed and phosphate buffer saline (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used to wash the cells, which was followed by scratch wound assay through applying a scratch on the plates with a sterile pipette. Then, the photographs of the wounds were taken immediately at 48 h by light microscope (Nikon), respectively. The closure area of wound was calculated as follows: migration area (%) = (A0 − An)/A0 × 100, where A0 represents the area of initial wound area, and A represents the remaining area of wound at the metering point.
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