Ears of mice were treated by applying topically 2 µg TPA (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in 20 µl acetone (10 µl on each side of the ear). 24 h later, ear thickness was measured with a caliper (Brütsch Rüegger), and animals were used in FITC painting experiments or sacrificed to determine VCAM-1 expression in ECs present in inflamed ears.
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