Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)

RNAs from cell lysates were isolated using TRIzol (Invitrogen) purification on Direct-zol RNA Microprep columns (Zymo Research, CA, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions with DNase treatment. Following the RNA isolation, the quality of the RNA samples was checked by running them on an agarose gel. Single-stranded cDNA was synthesized by using 0.5–1μg RNA as a template with High-Capacity cDNA Reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems). cDNA samples were diluted 1:10 and 1 μL of template was used in a PowerUP SYBR Green master mix reaction run on an QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). qPCR primer sequences are listed in Table S3.