The samples were diluted serially from 1/40 to 1/640 with serum-free medium. Vero cells were infected with 50 or 100 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of SARS-CoV-2 and treated with the diluted samples for 1 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2. After washing with PBS twice to remove unbound viruses, the cells were overlaid with 0.6% agarose diluted in DMEM containing 0.3% BSA. The plates were incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for an additional 3 days. The cells were stained with 0.4% crystal violet (Sigma) dye solution for 10 min and rinsed with PBS three times to remove excess dye. The plaque reduction rate in sample-treated cells was calculated by comparison with untreated cells.
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