4% madder was used to dye cotton (weight 118.7 g m−2, plain weave) and hemp (weight 149.1 g m−2, plain weave) fabrics at 80 °C for 30 min with a bath ratio of 30:1 with a laboratory method. After dyeing, the dyed samples were rinsed with tap water and dried at room temperature. This dyeing process was based on Monpa traditional madder dyeing practices derived through field interviews.
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