Measures

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and panic disorder were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, 4th edition, with 0.82 specificity and 0.89 sensitivity (Newman et al., 2002), Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire, with 0.95 specificity and 0.57 sensitivity (Moore et al., 2014), and Panic Disorder Self-Report, with 1.00 specificity and 0.89 sensitivity (Newman et al., 2006), respectively. These measures assess all diagnostic criteria based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Participants screened positive for a disorder if they endorsed all diagnostic criteria.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was assessed using the Primary Care PTSD Screen (Prins et al., 2003). Participants screened positive for probable PTSD if they scored three or higher, which demonstrated sensitivity of 0.78 and specificity of 0.89 (Prins et al., 2003).

Major depressive disorder (MDD) was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002). Participants screened positive for probable MDD if they scored 10 or higher, with sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.85 (Manea et al., 2012). Suicidal ideation was assessed using item 9 of the PHQ-9, which asked how much respondents thought about hurting themselves or that they would be better off dead in the past two weeks. Responses of 1 (several days) or higher screened positive for suicidal ideation.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia or binge-eating disorder (BN/BED) were assessed using the Stanford-Washington University Eating Disorder Screen (Graham et al., 2019). Participants screened positive for probable AN if they scored 59 or higher on a weight/shape concerns scale and had a current body mass index ≤ 18.45, based on self-reported height and weight. Participants screened positive for probable BN/BED if they did not screen positive for AN and reported objective binge eating, self-induced vomiting, or diuretic or laxative use six or more times in the past 3 months. These criteria have been used in prior online screening studies (Fitzsimmons-Craft et al., 2019).

Insomnia was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (Morin et al., 2011). Participants screened positive for probable insomnia if they scored 15 or higher, a cutoff with sensitivity of 0.78 and specificity of 1.00 (Morin et al., 2011).

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption (AUDIT-C) (Bush et al., 1998). To identify probable AUD, we used the cutoff of 4 or higher for participants assigned male at birth and 3 or higher for participants assigned female or intersex. This system had 0.88 sensitivity and 0.75 specificity for males and 0.87 sensitivity and 0.85 specificity for females (Bradley et al., 2007).