Measures

COVID-19 symptoms including laboratory evaluations and clinical symptoms: Maternal symptoms include fever (defined as the temperature of > 100.4 °F), cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, diarrhea, myalgias, and sore throat. Laboratory evaluation included the results of routine complete blood counts and comprehensive metabolic panels (the latter when ordered for clinical purposes). Laboratory findings including leukocytosis (white blood cell count > 11 × 109/l), lymphopenia (lymphocyte count < 1.0 × 109/l), thrombocytopenia, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (10 mg/l) was considered COVID-19 laboratory findings. Clinical management had supplemental oxygen, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, antibiotic agents, bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation, steroids, and ICU admission.

Maternal demographics: Age, gravidity, parity, body mass index before pregnancy, and medical comorbidities

Maternal outcomes: Preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, antepartum admission (defined as hospital admission for obstetrical or non-obstetrical indications for inpatient management for > 48 h), ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, maternal death, preterm delivery (defined as delivery before 37-week gestation), mode of delivery (cesarean or vaginal delivery), intrauterine fetal dead, length of hospital stay, and chorioamnionitis

Neonatal outcomes: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS; defined as the need for supplemental oxygen and the presence of typical radiographic findings in the absence of other causes for respiratory distress), 5-min Apgar score of < 7, neonatal death, birthweight, neonatal ICU (NICU) admission, and length of hospital stay