Yeast cells grown overnight were used to inoculate a 100 mL flask containing 15 mL of YPD medium (2% w/v glucose) to an initial OD600 of 0.2 and cultivated at 30 °C and 250 rpm for 10 days. The cells were then collected by centrifugation (6000g, 5 min), washed twice with sterile water, resuspended in cell lysis buffer (25 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA), and finally broken with glass beads (0.5 mm) using a BeadBeater mill (BioSpec Products, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA). The cell lysates were extracted with acetone: methanol (1:1) for squalene extraction. The organic phase was used for compound detection after filtering through a 0.22 µm pore-size Nylon 66 membrane (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). Squalene was detected by gas chromatography (GC) with an inlet temperature of 300 ℃, a sample volume of 1 µL, no shunt, solvent delay 12 min; Chromatographic column: hp-5 ms (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.5 m); Chromatographic conditions: 80 ℃, 1 min; 20 ℃ min−1 to 300 ℃ for 18 min.
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