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The 26-item HECS developed by Olson in 1995 is a five-point (1–5) Likert scale to assess the ethical climate in hospitals. It has five dimensions: the relationships between nurses and nurses, patients, doctors, administers and organization. Higher scores added by each item represent a better ethical climate in hospitals [33]. As reported, the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the Chinese version of the HECS is 0.91 [34]. The HECS was used to test concurrent validity.
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