2.2. Bear capture

Asian black bears were captured from May to June 2018 using barrel traps baited with honey. A total of five traps were set within 5 km of each other, and the trapped bears were immobilized with tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (Virbac, Carros, France, 8 mg/1kg of body weight). Basic body measurements were taken, and premolar extraction was performed for age determination. Bears over 40 kg were equipped with microchips for individual identification and GPS/camera collars (GPS Vertex Lite Collars; Vectronic Aerospace GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The collars (1.2 kg) weight less than 3% of body mass of bears. Bear capture and handling were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. All experimental procedures used in the bear research followed the Guidelines Concerning Animal Experimentation of the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology and the Mammal Society of Japan (Mammal Society of Japan 2020).