PDPCs were harvested from the femurs of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (male, 4 weeks old). First, aseptically remove the muscle and connective tissue from the femurs. Next, the femurs were dissected, cut into small pieces (1–2 × 1–2 mm), and embedded in 5% low melting point agarose (Takara, Shiga, Japan) to prevent them from digestion. PDPCs were harvested by 0.2% collagenase digestion for 1 h at 37 °C. Single-cell suspensions were plated onto a 60-mm culture dish in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium–low glucose (DMEM, Gibco) with 10% (vol./vol.) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 1% (vol./vol.) penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco) at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The culture medium was changed every 3 days. The cells were used between passages 3 and 5.
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