2.3. Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay protein quantification assay

Total serum protein adsorption on unmodified and modified samples was determined by using BCA assay (ThermoFisher Scientific) as described previously (n = 6) [8]. Briefly, scaffolds were incubated with complete growth medium at 37 °C for 1 h. The scaffolds were washed three times with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) before adding BCA reagent to each well and incubated at 37 °C. The absorbance was measured at 562 nm (Fluoroskan Ascent FL, Thermo Labsystems, UK). Scaffolds incubated in serum free medium were used as a control (n = 6).