2.2. Contamination

The human saliva was collected from a healthy male investigator. Prior to the collection procedure, the donor abstained from drinking and eating for 1.5 h. The contamination procedure was performed immediately after collection [29]. All the abutments except the ones from the control group (CTR) were inserted in saliva for 5 min. Immediately after contamination, all specimens were rinsed with water for 5 s. Subsequently, the abutments were divided among the study groups and cleaning was performed according to the respective protocol (Table 1).