The specific surface area (SSA) was determined by nitrogen gas sorption using the BET equation58. About 3 g of powdered sample material was degassed in a Vac Prep Q61 Sample Degas System (Micromeritics, USA). During the degassing process, bedrock samples were heated up to 250 °C, samples from zones C-E up to 60 °C for durations of 8–20 h, and samples from zone A and B up to 120 °C for 16 h. After degassing, the SSA was measured by N2 sorption in a Gemini VII Surface Area and Porosity analyser (Micromeritics, USA). The uncertainty of the SSA measurement is ~ 1.1% based on repeat analysis (n = 3, relative SD = 0.29%) of a certified reference material (Carbon Black, SSABET = 21.52 ± 0.75 m2 g−1). The detection limit is 0.01 m2 g−1.
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