The Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL), a tool developed by Won et al. [18] based on the Katz Index [19], was used to assess the participants’ level of ADLs. K-ADL comprises seven questions on dressing, washing the face, bathing, feeding, transferring, toileting, and continence. The scores range from 7 to 21 points with lower scores indicating higher independence. In the study that developed the K-ADL, the Cronbach’s α was 0.937 [18] compared with 0.91 in the present study.
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