Gestational weight and the corresponding gestational age and date were abstracted by trained research midwives from obstetric medical records [33, 34]. As previously described, weight gain was predicted from linear spline models as the difference between predicted weight at time of delivery and weight at gestational age of 0 weeks [33, 34]. Women were then categorized into three categories according to Institute of Medicine (IoM) recommendations: adequate, less than, and more than recommended GWG. Recommended weight gain is 12.5–18 kg for underweight; 11.5–16 kg for normal weight; 7–11.5 kg for overweight; and 5–9 kg for obese women [35].
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