发育中小鼠脑内初级纤毛的整体样本可视化分析

Oscar Torres Gutierrez; Xiaoliang Liu; Xuecai Ge

doi:10.21769/BioProtoc.5538

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Peer-reviewed

Whole-Mount Visualization of Primary Cilia in the Developing Mouse Brain

发育中小鼠脑内初级纤毛的整体样本可视化分析

OG Oscar Torres Gutierrez

XL Xiaoliang Liu

XG Xuecai Ge email

发布: 2025年12月20日第15卷第24期 DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.5538 浏览次数: 713

评审: Anonymous reviewer(s)

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May 2025

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Abstract

Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that play critical roles in brain development. In the developing cortex, neural progenitors extend their primary cilia into the ventricular surface, where the cilia act as key signaling hubs. However, visualizing these cilia in a systematic and intact manner has been challenging. The commonly used cryostat sectioning only provides a limited snapshot of cilia on individual sections, and this process often disrupts the ciliary morphology. By contrast, the previously established whole-mount technique has been shown to preserve ciliary architecture in the adult mouse cortex. Here, we adapt and optimize the whole-mount approach for embryonic and neonatal brain, allowing robust visualization of ciliary morphology at the ventricular surface during development. This protocol describes step-by-step procedures for whole-mounting and immunostaining delicate embryonic and neonatal mouse cortices, enabling direct visualization of cilia in neural progenitors in the developing brain.

Key features

• This protocol adapts the whole-mount technique and applies it to delicate embryonic samples from embryonic day 12 (E12) to neonatal brain (P3).

• This protocol details the necessary steps to achieve intact and direct visualization of cilia in the developing mouse cortex.

• This protocol also provides the necessary steps for the dissection and visualization of cilia on the lateral ganglionic eminences (LGE) and medial ganglionic eminences (MGE).

Keywords: Primary cilia (初级纤毛)

Motile cilia (运动纤毛)

Whole-mount (整体样本)

Development (发育)

Lateral ganglionic eminences (LGE) (外侧神经节隆起)

Medial ganglionic eminences (MGE) (内侧神经节隆起)

Background

Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles that project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and serve as signaling hubs. The primary cilium senses and transduces environmental cues into intracellular signaling pathways. Certain specialized cell types bear motile cilia, typically in multiple copies. Unlike primary cilia, motile cilia generate a rhythmical beating that propels the extracellular fluid or enables cellular motility [1–4]. Dysfunction of cilia leads to a wide range of diseases, collectively known as ciliopathies. Many ciliopathies, such as Joubert syndrome, Orofaciodigital syndrome, and Acrocallosal syndrome, are characterized by brain structural deficits [5,6]. These brain malformations often result in cognitive deficits and intellectual disabilities [3,5,7]. These deficits highlight the essential roles of primary cilia in normal brain development and neural circuitry formation.

During embryonic brain development, neurogenesis is precisely coordinated by radial glia (RG), the main neural progenitors in the developing brain. RG undergo various modes of cell division, producing the diverse neuronal cell types necessary to form functional neural circuits [8–13]. A notable anatomical feature of RG is that their radial processes extend across the entire developing cortex, from the pial (basal) surface to the ventricular (apical) surface [14]. While their nuclei undergo interkinetic nuclear migration—moving back and forth between the apical and basal sides in sync with the cell cycle—their centrosomes and primary cilia remain at the apical surface. In other words, the primary cilia of RG project into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain [15–17]. Studying the morphology of these primary cilia has been challenging. Conventional approaches, such as cryostat sectioning, are not ideal because they may physically damage the delicate structure of primary cilia. The freezing process itself, if not done properly, can cause the formation of ice crystals that distort the cilium. Furthermore, the mechanical slicing of the frozen tissue may shear or break the cilium, leading to artifacts that misrepresent its true morphology. Subsequent steps, such as mounting on slides, may further alter the structure. These damaged and distorted cilia make it difficult to get an accurate observation of their morphology. Finally, because primary cilia are thin, hair-like structures that project from the cell surface, a single section only captures a small, two-dimensional sliver of the cilium's full length. This fragmented view makes it nearly impossible to understand the cilium's overall shape, length, and orientation in its native three-dimensional context [18–22].

In this protocol, we adapt a whole-mount cortical preparation originally developed for the adult brain [23] to embryonic and neonatal brains. We aim to preserve intact ciliary morphology in their three-dimensional perspective at the native ventricular surface. By preserving the complete cytoarchitecture, this method enables a detailed study of ciliary morphology across different brain regions and at various developmental stages.

Materials and reagents

Biological materials

1. C57BL/6 (Jackson Laboratories, strain #000664) aged 6–8 weeks

Note: Embryonic (E) samples can be collected at E12, 14, and 17, and postnatal day (P) 1, 3, 5, and 7. The procedure is applicable to other mouse strains.

Reagents

1. DPBS (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 14-190-136)

2. Triton X-100 (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: AAA16046AP)

3. Donkey serum (MilliporeSigma, catalog number: S30-100ML)

4. 20% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 50-980-493)

5. Hoechst (Sigma, catalog number: 94403-1ML)

6. Fluoromount-G mounting medium (SouthernBiotech, catalog number: 0100-01)

7. Rabbit anti-Arl13b (1:200) (Proteintech, catalog number: 17711-1-AP)

8. Rat anti-Arl13b (1:200) (BiCell Scientific, catalog number: 90413)

9. Mouse anti-Arl13b (1:200) (antibodiesinc, catalog number: 75-287

10. Mouse anti-acetylated tubulin (1:200) (Sigma, catalog number: T6793)

11. Mouse anti-β-catenin (1:100) (BD Biosciences, catalog number: 610154)

12. Rabbit anti-ZO1 (1:100) (Zymed, catalog number: 40-2200)

13. Mouse anti-AlexaFluor 488 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 715-545-151)

14. Mouse anti-AlexaFluor rhodamine (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 715-025-151)

15. Mouse anti-AlexaFluor 647 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 715-605-151)

16. Rabbit anti-AlexaFluor 488 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 711-545-152)

17. Rabbit anti-AlexaFluor rhodamine (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 711-025-152)

18. Rabbit anti-AlexaFluor 647 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 711-605-152)

19. Rat anti-AlexaFluor 488 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 712-545-153)

20. Rat anti-AlexaFluor rhodamine (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 712-025-153)

21. Rat anti-AlexaFluor 647 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, catalog number: 712-605-153)

Solutions

1. Blocking buffer (see Recipes)

Recipes

1. Blocking buffer

Reagent	Final concentration	Quantity or volume
Donkey serum	2%	2 mL
Triton X-100	0.2%	200 μL
DPBS	n/a	97.8 mL
Total	n/a	100 mL

Store at 4 °C.

Laboratory supplies

1. Fisherbrand^TM surface treated tissue culture dishes, 10 cm dish (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: FB012924)

2. Thermo Scientific^TM BioLite 6 cm cell culture treated dishes (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12-556-001)

3. 96-well plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12-556-008)

4. 24-well plate (Fisher Scientific, catalog: FB012929)

5. Axygen^TM MaxyClear Snaplock microtubes, 1.5 mL (Axygen, catalog number: 14-222-155)

6. Corning^TM15 mL centrifuge tubes with CentriStar^TM cap (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 430791)

7. Fisherbrand^TM Superfrost^TM Plus microscope slides (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12-550-15)

8. Fisherbrand^TM Superslip^TM coverslips (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 12-541-056)

9. Moria ultra-fine forceps (Fine Science Tools, catalog number: 11370-40)

10. Moria ultra-fine curved forceps (Fine Science Tools, catalog number: 11370-42)

11. Extra fine Bonn 8.5 cm scissors (Fine Science Tools, catalog number: 14085-08)

Equipment

1. Confocal microscope (Zeiss, model: LSM 880)

2. Leica Mica

Note: All other fluorescence microscopes can also be used with 63× lens or above.

3. Vortex mixer (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 02-215-414)

4. Centrifuge (Eppendorf, model: 5702R)

Software and datasets

1. LAS X (Leica, v3.7.4.23463)

2. Fiji (Version 1.54p)

Procedure

English

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文章信息

稿件历史记录

提交日期: Sep 23, 2025

接收日期: Nov 2, 2025

在线发布日期: Nov 19, 2025

出版日期: Dec 20, 2025

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如何引用

Gutierrez, O. T., Liu, X. and Ge, X. (2025). Whole-Mount Visualization of Primary Cilia in the Developing Mouse Brain. Bio-protocol 15(24): e5538. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.5538.