Materials and Reagents

1. Gloves

2. Pipette tips

3. 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube

4. 200 μL PCR tube

5. 70% ethanol

6. RNase away

7. DNase/RNase-free water

8. 100% ethanol

9. Qubit assay tubes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: Q32856)

10. Thermostable RNase H (NEB, catalog number: M0523)

11. DNase I (NEB, catalog number: M0303S)

12. ATP (10 mM) (NEB, catalog number: P0756S)

13. Poly(A) Polymerase (NEB, catalog number: M0276S)

14. RNA Clean Beads (Vazyme, catalog number: N411-01/02)

15. RNase R (Lucigen, catalog number: RNR0725)

16. Equalbit RNA BR Assay Kit (Vazyme, catalog number: EQ212-01)

17. dATP (NEB, catalog number: N0440S)

18. ddATP (Jena Bioscience, catalog number: NU-1015S)

19. HiScript III 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Vazyme, catalog number: R312-01/02) or SuperScript IV First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen, catalog number: 18091050)

20. DNA Clean Beads (Vazyme, catalog number: N412-01/02)

21. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) (Invitrogen, catalog number: EP0161)

22. I-5 High-Fidelity Master Mix (MCLAB, catalog number: I5HM-200)

23. Equalbit 1× dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Vazyme, catalog number: EQ121-01)

24. First-strand synthesis primer P1-N6: GTCGACGGCGCGCCGGATCCATA(N)₆ (6 randomized mixed bases)

25. Second-strand synthesis primer P2-T24: ATATCTCGAGGGCGCGCCGGATCC(T)₂₄ (24 consecutive Ts as reverse-complement to polyA)

26. PCR primers: P1 (GTCGACGGCGCGCCGGATCCATA), P2 (ATATCTCGAGGGCGCGCCGGATCC)

27. NEBNext FFPE DNA Repair Mix (NEB, catalog number: M6630S)

28. NEBNext Ultra II End repair/dA-tailing Module (NEB, catalog number: E7546S)

29. NEB Blunt/TA Ligase Master Mix (NEB, catalog number: M0367S)

30. NEBNext Quick Ligation Module (NEB, catalog number: E6056S)

31. Nanopore Ligation Sequencing Kit (ONT, catalog number: SQK-LSK109)

32. Nanopore Flow Cell (ONT, catalog number: MinION/PromethION R9.4)

33. rRNA probes mix (see Recipes)

34. Probe hybridization buffer (see Recipes)

35. 70% and 80% ethanol (see Recipes)

36. 1 U/μL RNase R (see Recipes)

Equipment

1. Pipettes

2. Mini-centrifuge with head for 8-strip PCR tubes (Eppendorf, catalog number: 5452000093)

3. Vortexer (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: 88882012)

4. Thermocycler (Bio-Rad, catalog number: T100)

5. Qubit 4 Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher, catalog number: Q33238)

6. Qsep1 BioAnalyzer (BiOptic, catalog number: C100001)

7. 12-Tube Magnetic Separation Rack (NEB, catalog number: S1509S)

8. 200 μL Tube Magnetic Separation Rack (Vazyme, catalog number: CM101)

Software

1. Guppy (ONT, https://nanoporetech.com/community)

2. porechop (Github, https://github.com/rrwick/Porechop)

3. circfull (Github, https://github.com/yangence/circfull)

Procedure

Note: RNA is easily degradable. Please clean all surfaces with 70% ethanol and RNase away, change gloves often, and sterilize all materials used.

Figure 1. Experimental operation of circFL-seq consisted of circRNA enrichment, library construction, and nanopore sequencing. RCRT, rolling circular reverse transcription.

1. circRNA enrichment

   
   A1. rRNA depletion

   1. Mix total RNA, rRNA probes, and probe hybridization buffer, for a final reaction volume of 15 μL:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Total RNA	2.0 μg
      rRNA probes	1.0 μL
      Probe hybridization buffer	2.0 μL
      Nuclease-free water	add to 15.0 μL

      
      

   2. Place samples in a thermocycler with a heated lid set to approximately 105°C. Heat the mixture to 95°C for 2 min, slowly cool to 22°C (-0.1°C/s), and incubate at 22°C for an additional 5 min.

   3. Add thermostable RNase H and 10× RNase H buffer, for a final reaction volume of 20 μL:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	15.0 μL
      Thermostable RNase H	2.0 μL
      10× RNase H buffer	2.0 μL
      Nuclease-free water	1.0 μL

      
      

   4. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 50°C, and incubate at 50°C for 30 min.

   5. Prepare DNase I and 10× DNase I buffer, for a final volume of 30 μL:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	20.0 μL
      DNase I	2.5 μL
      10× DNase I Buffer	3.0 μL
      Nuclease-free water	4.5 μL

      
      

   6. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 50°C, incubate at 37°C for 30 min, and place on ice.

      
      
   A2. Poly(A) tailing and RNase R treatment

   1. Mix the reaction above with ATP (10 mM), 10× Poly(A) Polymerase Reaction Buffer, and Poly(A) Polymerase, for poly(A) tailing:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	30.0 μL
      ATP 10mM	4.0 μL
      10× Poly(A) Polymerase Reaction Buffer	4.0 μL
      Poly(A) Polymerase	1.0 μL
      Nuclease-free water	1.0 μL

      
      

   2. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 50°C, incubate at 37°C for 30 min, and place on ice.

   3. Isolate RNA in 8 μL of nuclease-free water by 2.5× RNA Clean Beads, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The total amount of RNA is approximately 200 ng.

   4. Erase linear RNA with RNase R (need 1 U per sample) and RNase R buffer:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	8.0 μL
      1 U/μL RNase	1.0 μL
      10× RNase R buffer	1.0 μL

      
      

   5. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 105°C, incubate at 37°C for 30 min, and 70°C for 10 min.

      
      

2. Full-length circRNA cDNA preparation

   B1. Reverse transcription.

   1. After enrichment of circRNAs, reverse transcribe RNA into first cDNA strands in a 20-μL reaction by P1-N6 with HiScript III reverse transcriptase:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	10.0 μL
      Nuclease-free water	5.0 μL
      10× HiScript III Buffer	2.0 μL
      HiScript III mix	2.0 μL
      P1-N6	1.0 μL

      
      

   2. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 105°C, and incubate at 25°C for 5 min, at 50°C for 50 min, at 70°C for 2 min, and at 85°C for 5 s.

   3. Isolate cDNA by 0.75× DNA Clean Beads, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

      
      
   B2. Poly(A) tailing and second-strand synthesis

   1. Add poly(A) tails at the 3’ ends in a 20-μL reaction by TDT with final dATP and ddATP concentrations of 2.5 mM and 25 μM, respectively:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	14.0 μL
      100 mM dATP	0.5 μL
      1 mM ddATP	0.5 μL
      5× TDT Buffer	4.0 μL
      TDT	1.0 μL

      
      

   2. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 50°C, incubate at 37°C for 20 min, and place on ice.

   3. Isolate cDNA by 0.75× DNA Clean Beads, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

   4. Synthesize second-strand cDNA with P2-T24 and I-5 High-Fidelity DNA polymerase:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	12.0 μL
      I-5 High-Fidelity Master Mix	13.0 μL
      10 μM P2-T24	1.0 μL

      Note: The volume of PCR mix will slightly decrease after thoroughly mixing. The total volume of the reaction is 25 μL.

      
      

   5. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 105°C, and incubate at 98°C for 2 min, 50°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 5 min. Place on ice.

      
      
   B3. Amplification

   1. Split cDNAs equally into four 50-μL PCR reactions with primers P1 and P2:

      Components	Volume per sample
      Last step reaction	25.0 μL
      10 μM P1	8.0 μL
      10 μM P2	8.0 μL
      I-5 High-Fidelity Master Mix	92.5 μL
      Nuclease-free water	76.5 μL

      Note: The volume of PCR mix will slightly decrease after thoroughly mixing. The total volume of the reaction is 200 μL.

      
      

   2. Place samples in a thermocycler with lid at 105°C, and amplify by 20 cycles of 98°C for 10 s, 67°C for 15 s, and 72°C for 75 s.

   3. Isolate cDNA by 0.5× DNA Clean Beads, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Resuspend cDNA with 100 μL of nuclease-free water.

   4. Isolate cDNA by 0.5× DNA Clean Beads, again according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

      Note: Over the second beads selection from water, it is better to select longer fragments (length around 1,000 bp), which can further enrich cDNA library of circRNAs.

   5. Acquire DNA library concentration with Qubit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

   6. If the total amount of DNA library is less than 1 μg, take 10–50 ng of purified cDNAs for further amplification by 6–8 cycles, in a set of four 50-μl PCRs with P1 and P2. Isolate cDNA by 0.5× DNA Clean Beads.

      
      
   B4. Sample quality check

   1. Acquire DNA library concentration with Qubit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For Procedure C (Nanopore library construction and sequencing), 0.5–1 μg cDNA library is needed.

   2. Run BioAnalyzer to check the quality of the library. Samples should be run on a BioAnalyzer, to check for the length distribution with a peak around 1,000 bp. Most of the fragments should distribute from 600–2,000 bp (Figure 2).

      
      

      
      Figure 2. Length distribution of circFL-seq cDNA library.

      
      

   3. For troubleshooting of low-quality libraries, see Table 1.

      
      

      Table 1. List of low-quality libraries.
      

      Observation	Possible cause	Comments and actions
      Low amount of library	RNA contamination or degradation	Before library construction, make sure RNA quality is good, based on assessment using electrophoresis and spectrophotometry.
      	Low recovery after beads clean-up	1. Clean beads settle quickly, so ensure they are well resuspended before adding them to the sample. 2. DNA will be eluted from the beads when using ethanol <70%. Make sure to use the correct percentage.
      Multiple peaks	rRNAs or linear RNA were not well depleted in step A	Design single-strand cDNA probes for residual RNA, as described in Morlan et al. (2012).

3. Nanopore library construction and sequencing

   The libraries can be handed to a sequencing facility. DNA library for barcoding and ligation sequencing was prepared following protocols EXP-NBD104 and SQK-LSK109.

   1. Repair and dA-tail 0.5–1 μg of circFL-seq cDNA, by NEBNext FFPE DNA Repair Mix and NEBNext Ultra II End repair/dA-tailing Module, followed by purification with 1× DNA Clean Beads.

   2. For multiplexing, repaired and end-prepped DNA was barcoded with Native Barcode, by NEB Blunt/TA Ligase Master Mix, followed by purification with 1× DNA Clean Beads.

   3. Pool barcoded samples together in equimolar amounts. Single samples without barcodes or pooled barcoded samples (700 ng) were ligated to an ONT Adapter, with NEBNext Quick Ligation Module, followed by purification with 0.4× DNA Clean Beads, and Short Fragment Buffer.

   4. Mix the DNA library with sequencing buffer, load beads onto a PromethION or MinION Flow Cell, and run on a PromethION or MinION sequencer. For the following data analysis, 5 million reads (about 5 Gbases) per sample are necessary.

Data analysis

1. Transform raw sequenced data in FAST5 format files to FASTQ format files (kept reads with qscore ≥7.0) by guppy_basecaller, and demultiplex by guppy_barcoder of guppy.

2. Use porechop to trim barcode and circFL-seq primers (P1, and P2) and split chimeric reads, to obtain clean reads for each sample.

3. Use RG mode of circfull (https://github.com/yangence/circfull) to detect circRNAs with clean reads, DNSC mode to correct circFL-seq reads by consensus sequence (CS), cRG mode to detect circRNAs with CS, sRG mode to detect the strand origin of reads and adjust circRNA results with strand information, and mRG mode to filter out low-quality full-length circRNAs after integrating circRNA results. See examples in https://github.com/yangence/circfull/tree/main/example.

Recipes

1. rRNA probes mix

   160 DNA probes of complementary sequences (https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/69457/elife-69457-supp7-v2.xlsx, ordered from Tsingke Biotechnology with PAGE purification) of 18S and 28S rRNA, at a final concentration of 1 μM, as well as 5S and 5.8S rRNA, 12S and 16S mtrRNA, ETS, and ITS, at a final concentration of 0.1 μM, were pooled.

2. Probe hybridization buffer

   750 mM Tris-HCl and 750 mM NaCl, pH adjusted to 8.0.

3. 70% and 80% ethanol

   Adjust 100% ethanol to 70% and 80% ethanol with nuclease-free water.

4. 1 U/μL RNase R

   Adjust 20 U/μL RNase R to 1 U/μL RNase R with nuclease-free water.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by grants from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission of China (7212065, Z181100001518005), and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (2020-NKX-XM-01). This protocol was adapted from our recent work (Liu et al., 2021).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

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2. Kristensen, L. S., Andersen, M. S., Stagsted, L. V. W., Ebbesen, K. K., Hansen, T. B. and Kjems, J. (2019). The biogenesis, biology and characterization of circular RNAs. Nat Rev Genet 20(11): 675-691.
3. Liu, Z., Tao, C., Li, S., Du, M., Bai, Y., Hu, X., Li, Y., Chen, J. and Yang, E. (2021). circFL-seq reveals full-length circular RNAs with rolling circular reverse transcription and nanopore sequencing. eLife 10: e69457.
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8. You, X., Vlatkovic, I., Babic, A., Will, T., Epstein, I., Tushev, G., Akbalik, G., Wang, M., Glock, C., Quedenau, C., et al. (2015). Neural circular RNAs are derived from synaptic genes and regulated by development and plasticity. Nat Neurosci 18(4): 603-610.
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