显微照射用于秀丽隐杆线虫中双链断裂的精确体外诱导

Kailey E. Harrell; Emily Koury; Sarit Smolikove

doi:10.21769/BioProtoc.3130

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Peer-reviewed

Microirradiation for Precise, Double-strand Break Induction in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans

显微照射用于秀丽隐杆线虫中双链断裂的精确体外诱导

KH Kailey E. Harrell

EK Emily Koury

SS Sarit Smolikove email

发布: 2018年12月20日第8卷第24期 DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3130 浏览次数: 4734

评审: Neelanjan BoseLivia UlicnaJuan Facundo Rodriguez Ayala

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Abstract

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic lesions that every cell must accurately repair in order to survive. The repair of DSBs is an integral part of a cell life cycle and can lead to lethality if repaired incorrectly. Laser microirradiation is an established technique which has been used in yeast, mammalian cell culture, and Drosophila cell culture to study the regulation of DSB repair. Up to our studies, this method has not been adapted for use in a whole, live, multicellular organism to study this repair in vivo. We have recently shown that this system can be used for study of the recruitment of vital repair proteins to microirradiation-induced breaks in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. With the integration of microirradiation and imaging technology, we can precisely induce DSBs in target nuclei and study the recruitment of fluorescently tagged repair proteins from the time of damage induction. Whole, live worms are plated and immobilized for targeting of nuclei, and immediately following induction the targeted region can be imaged for up to an hour and a half post-microirradiation. This method is the first that allows for study of DNA repair protein kinetics in vivo in an intact organism, which can be adapted in numerous ways to allow for study of repair kinetics in various aspects of the repair process.

Keywords: Microirradiation (显微照射)

Double-strand breaks (双链断裂)

Protein recruitment (蛋白招募)

DSB repair (双链断裂修复)

Live imaging (活体成像)

C. elegans (秀丽隐杆线虫)

Background

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most toxic forms of DNA damage and can be induced exogenously (e.g., UV damage) or endogenously (e.g., SPO-11-induced meiotic DSBs). Studying the recruitment of proteins to the sites of DSBs provides valuable information regarding how the process, and specific proteins involved, are regulated. Microirradiation has been extensively used in cell culture as a means of studying DNA repair (Aten et al., 2004; Kong et al., 2009). This method, coupled with fluorescently-labeled proteins and time-lapse imaging, has provided critical information regarding the regulation of proteins in specific cellular contexts. However, this incredibly tractable method had not been adapted for use in a whole, live, multicellular organism.

In our paper, we describe a laser microirradiation method which applies this technology to intact, live worms (Koury et al., 2018). With the use of a UVA 365 nm pulsed laser, and fluorescently tagged repair proteins RPA-1 and RAD-51, we were able to precisely induce DSBs in specific regions of the C. elegans germline to study DSB repair kinetics in meiotic tissue in vivo. RPA-1 and RAD-51 are ssDNA binding proteins that are essential for DSB repair using homologous recombination. The transparent nature of worms allows for live imaging of fluorescent proteins without any form of dissection or gonad extrusion, and no pre-sensitization of the worms is required for efficient damage induction. Not only is this method straight-forward, but it can be adapted for, and applied to, numerous questions in the field of DSB repair and regulation in both meiotic and somatic tissues.

Materials and Reagents

Note: We indicated our vendors and cat numbers for lab reagents such as tips, tubes, and chemicals, however, any vendor will likely be suitable and sufficient.

0.2-20 μl Pipette tips (VWR, catalog number: 89079-438)
Microscope slides, 1” x 3” x 0.4” (Surgipath-Leica, catalog number: 3800240)
Petri dishes, any 60 x 15 mm plate with ventilation ribs (Kord-Valmark, catalog number: 2901)
Glass bottom dishes: 35 mm dish with 14 mm glass microwell (No. 1.5 coverglass, MatTek, catalog number: P35G-0.170-14-C)
Parafilm, 4” x 125’ (Parafilm M, catalog number: PM996)
Pasteur pipet, 5 ¾” Flint Glass (Fisher Scientific, catalog number: 50-930-565)
General-Purpose Laboratory Labeling Tape, ¾” (VWR, catalog number: 89098-004)
12 mm tube (any type of tube with a 12 mm diameter would work; VWR, catalog number: 20170-579)
Worm pick, hand-made by attaching platinum wire to a Pasteur pipette using fire
0.1-μm polystyrene beads (Polybead, Polysciences, catalog number: 00876, store at 4 °C)
Dissection blade (Stainless Steel Surgical Blades, 4-311)
Escherichia coli OP50 (from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center)
Agarose (any brand of Agarose that is typically used for gel electrophoresis, e.g., VWR, catalog number: 9012-36-6)
Immersion oil, 100x/1.4 NA (Leica Microsystems, catalog number: 11513859)
Sodium chloride (NaCl) (RPI, catalog number: 7647-14-5)
Peptone (RPI, catalog number: 73049-73-7)
Cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 57-88-5)
Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 10035-04-8)
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 7487-88-9)
Agar (RPI, catalog number: 9002-18-0)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄) (RPI, catalog number: 7778-77-0)
Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄) (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 7558-80-7)
Ethanol
Nematode growth medium (NGM) agar plate (see Recipes)
M9 buffer (see Recipes)
10% agarose pads (see Recipes)

Equipment

Microscope suitable for live imaging (such as Leica DMi8) with Andor MicroPoint 365 nm pulsed laser (Leica, model: Leica DMi8)
Humidity chamber (box with wet paper towels and elevated surface)
Microwave (any brand should work, we use Panasonic Inverter, model: NN-S543BFR)
Stereo microscope (Leica Microsystems, model: KL200 LED)
20 °C incubator (Nor-Lake Scientific Refrigerated Incubator, LRI201WWW/0)
37 °C incubator (Precision Scientific Thelco Incubator, model: 31483)
Autoclave
4 °C refrigerator

Software

MetaMorph Software (Molecular Devices, LLC, version 7.8.12.0)
Fiji (Fiji is just ImageJ) (Free to download at imagej.net/Fiji) (Schindelin et al., 2012)
GraphPad Prism v6 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California USA, www.graphpad.com/)

Procedure

English

中文翻译

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如何引用

Harrell, K. E., Koury, E. and Smolikove, S. (2018). Microirradiation for Precise, Double-strand Break Induction in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio-protocol 8(24): e3130. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3130.