ICP-AES/MS法测定地衣中元素的浓度

Liang-Cheng  Zhao; Li Wang; Yun-Jun  Jiang; Yan-Qiao  Hu; Chong-Ying  Xu; Lei  Wang; Xing Li; Li  Wei; Xiu-Ping  Guo; Ai-Qin  Liu; Hua-Jie  Liu

doi:10.21769/BioProtoc.2165

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Determination of Elemental Concentrations in Lichens Using ICP-AES/MS

ICP-AES/MS法测定地衣中元素的浓度

Ai-Qin Liu email

Hua-Jie Liu email

发布: 2017年03月05日第7卷第5期 DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2165 浏览次数: 10067

评审: Dennis NürnbergChong HeAnonymous reviewer(s)

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Abstract

Lichens are good biomonitors for air pollution because of their high enrichment capability of atmospheric chemical elements. To monitor atmospheric element deposition using lichens, it is important to obtain information on the multi-element concentrations in lichen thalli. Because of serious air pollution, elemental concentrations in thalli of lichens from North China (especially Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Henan province) are often higher than those from other regions, therefore highlighting the necessity to optimize ICP-AES/MS (Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy/mass spectrometry) for analyzing lichen element content. Based on the high elemental concentrations in the lichen samples, and the differences in the sensitivity and detection limits between ICP-MS and ICP-AES, we propose a protocol for analyzing 31 elements in lichens using ICP-AES/MS. Twenty-two elements (Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, K, La, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Tb, Th, Tl, V and Zn) can be identified by using microwave digestion- ICP-MS, and 9 elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, S and Ti) by using ashing-alkali fusion digestion- ICP-AES.

Keywords: Element content (元素含量)

Microwave digestion (微波消化)

Ashing-alkali fusion (灰化-碱熔)

Background

Lichens have been widely used in biomonitoring of air pollution in many regions of the world, including China that experiences heavy-metal atmospheric pollution in some areas. Recent studies found that the element concentrations in lichens from North China are higher than or at the upper range of the literature values from other regions (Liu et al., 2016a; 2016b and 2016c), due to the severe air pollution in this region.

Compared with other techniques (for example spectrophotometric methods, atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry), ICP-AES/MS is a multi-element analysis method involving simple procedure with relatively low detection limits. This method is widely used in the quantitative analysis of lichen elements outside China. However, to date, there have been no reports on the application of ICP-AES/MS to analyze elements in lichens of North China. Specific procedures for the sample preparation of the lichens are required due to the high loadings of elements with great variation in concentration. Therefore, to facilitate the biomonitoring of atmospheric elemental deposition with lichens in China, we propose a protocol for lichen elemental concentration analyses using ICP-AES/MS.

Materials and Reagents

Paper bags
10 mesh nylon standard inspection sieve (pore size 2 mm) (Shangyu Huafeng Hardware Instrument)
50 ml plastic centrifuge tube (SARSTEDT, catalog number: 62.559.001 )
National certified reference materials: GBW10010 (rice), GBW10014 (cabbage) and GBW10015 (spinach; All materials mentioned above were provided by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences). Lichen material IAEA-336 (International Atomic Energy Agency)
Lichens: Xanthoria mandschurica and Xanthoparmelia mexicana, collected from Taihang Mountains, Hebei Province, China
H₂O₂, > 30% (w/v) (Beijing Institute of Chemical Reagents, catalog number: 160215 )
¹⁰³Rh: 1.00 mg/ml (GSB-G62037-90, National Analysis Center for Iron & Steel, Beijing, China)
HCl, 35-37% (w/v) (Beijing Institute of Chemical Reagents, catalog number: 160718 )
Standard stocking solutions: 1.00 mg/ml Al (GBW[E]086219), Ba (GBW[E]080243), Ca (GBW[E]080261), Cd (GBW08612), Ce (GSB04-1775), Co (GBW08613), Cr (G130008614), Cs (GSB04-1724), Cu (GSB04-1725), Fe (GBW08616), K (GBW[E]080125), La (GBW08651), Mg (GBW[E]080126), Mn (GSB04-1736), Mo (GBW[E]080218), Na (GBW[E]080127), Ni (GBW08618), P (GBW[E]080186), Pb (GBW08619), Rb (GSB04-2836), S (GBW[E]080266), Sb (GBW[E]080545), Sc (GBW[E]3141), Sm (GSB64-1778), Sr (GSB04-1754), Tb (GSB04-1781), Th (GBW[E]080174), Ti (GBW3041), Tl (GSBG62070-90), V (GBW[E]080243), and Zn (GBW[E]080607) (National Research Center for standard materials, Beijing, China)
Standard intermediate solutions (see Recipes; Table 8)
Standard working solutions (see Recipes; Table 8)

Equipment

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (Agilent Technologies, model: Agilent 7700X ICP-MS )
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) (Varian, model: Varian Vista MPX )
Microwave digestion system (equipped with Teflon digestion vessels) (CEM Corporation, Matthews, model: MARS X-press )
Grinding mill equipped with Tungsten Carbide jars (Retsch, model: Retsch MM400 )
Stereo microscope (Motic, model: Motic SMZ-140 )
Muffle furnace (Yiheng, model: SX2-4-10TP )
Oven (50-120 °C)
Tweezers
50 ml volumetric flask
30 ml nickel crucible (Jiangsu Plaza Premium Electric Instrument, catalog number: 30 ml crucible )
Deionized water: resistivity ≥ 18.0 MΩ cm (Aquapro International, model: Aquaplore3 )

Procedure

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Zhao, L., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Hu, Y., Xu, C., Wang, L., Li, X., Wei, L., Guo, X., Liu, A. and Liu, H. (2017). Determination of Elemental Concentrations in Lichens Using ICP-AES/MS. Bio-protocol 7(5): e2165. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.2165.