Manual patch clamp experiments were performed in the whole-cell mode (Hamill et al. 1981) with an EPC 10 USB patch clamp amplifier and PatchMaster Software (version 2 × 90.5; HEKA Elektronik, Lambrecht, Germany). Extracellular solution contained [mM]: 140 NaCl, 4 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 1.8 CaCl2, 10 HEPES and 10 d-glucose, pH 7.4. Intracellular solution contained [mM]: 107 K-gluconate, 10 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 5 EGTA, 4 Na2ATP and 0.2 NaGTP, pH 7.2. Recordings were executed at room temperature. For agonist tests in current-clamp and voltage-clamp mode, cells were kept at a holding potential of − 70 mV and the compounds were applied for 5 s.
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