Multiplex cytokine and chemokine analysis in whole kidney protein extracts was conducted using a Milliplex MAP Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Kit (Luminex, Austin, TX) following the manufacturer's instructions. Anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies linked to microspheres incorporating distinct properties of two fluorescent dyes were used in this multiplexed particle-based flow cytometric assay. Our assay was designed to quantify interleukin (IL)-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-10; interferon (IFN)-γ; monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1; regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5); tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The value of each cytokine or chemokine was normalized by dividing the raw concentration (pg/ml) by the kidney protein concentration (mg/ml, measured by using a Pierce BCA protein assay kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
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