Animals and animal housing

All experiments were performed in accordance with the European Communities’ Council Directive 2010/63/EU. All protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the government of Upper Bavaria, Germany. Male mice aged between 7 and 10 weeks old were used for all experiments. Mice were bred in the animal facility of the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (Martinsried, Germany) and group-housed (four to five mice per cage) until 1 week before the start of the experiments, when mice were single-housed. Mice were kept in individually ventilated cages (IVCs; 30 cm by 16 cm by 16 cm; 501 cm²), serviced by a central airflow system (Tecniplast, IVC Green Line—GM500), according to institutional guidelines. IVCs had sufficient bedding and nesting material as well as a wooden tunnel for environmental enrichment. Animals were maintained under pathogen-free, temperature-controlled (23 ± 1°C), and constant humidity (55 ± 10%) conditions on a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 a.m.) with food and water provided ad libitum, at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Munich, Germany).