The thermal stability of the HA ectodomains and ectofusion immunogens were determined using nano-DSF (differential scanning fluorimetry) on a Prometheus NT.48 instrument (Nano Temper) [31]. Thermal unfolding of protein samples at a concentration of 5 μM was monitored at a rate of 1 °C/min in a range from 20 °C to 90 °C. The normalized first derivative of fluorescence ratio (350 nm/330 nm) was plotted against temperature using Prism v8.4.3 (Graph Pad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
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