Total ATP production was measured according to instructions provided by Seahorse Bioscience (Agilent, US). Cells were exposed to these compounds as follows: oligomycin (1μM) and a mixture of rotenone (1μM) and antimycin A (1μM), which can report multiple parameters, including glycolytic ATP, mitochondrial respiratory ATP rate, and total ATP production rates. Data were analyzed using XF Wave Software (Seahorse Bioscience, Agilent, US). All data were normalized to protein content.
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